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Twitter has launched a new “tip jar” feature that lets people send money to others on the social network.

The company says the feature is “an easy way to support the incredible voices that make up the conversation”.

To begin with, only a select group of people can receive tips – a group Twitter said was made up of “creators”, journalists, experts, and non-profits.

But the feature has also been criticised for exposing personal information such as email addresses.

The tip jar function essentially adds a small icon to a user’s profile – on mobile devices only for now – with a drop-down menu for other payment providers such as PayPal, Venmo, or the Cash App, the latter two of which are popular in the United States.

But because the payment is made through those external systems, some Twitter users noticed that tipping a PayPal account lets the recipient know the postal address of the tip sender.

In other cases, the recipient’s email address could be seen, whether or not any money was sent.

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View original tweet on Twitter
After security expert Rachel Tobac highlighted the issue, Twitter product lead Kayvon Beykpour thanked her for the “good catch” – but said Twitter could not control how PayPal handled that information.

Instead, Twitter said it was updating the information around the tip jar to make clear that some details might be shared.

PayPal, meanwhile, said the issue arose because the Twitter tip jar was using its “goods and services” payment option – which shares details for shipping those goods. It said people can toggle to the “friends and family” option during payment to avoid the issue.

The tip jar function also has support for Bandcamp – widely used by musicians – and Patreon, used by all sorts of independent digital creators such as YouTubers and podcasters.

Twitter says the addition was inspired by people who added payment links or Patreon ads in replies to viral tweets.

“We $ee you – sharing your PayPal link after your Tweet goes viral, adding your $Cashtag to your profile so people can support your work, dropping your Venmo handle on your birthday or if you just need some extra help,” wrote Twitter’s senior product manager Esther Crawford in the blog post announcing the feature.

It said more people would be able to add the function to their profile “soon”.

But there are some concerns about the way the function will be used.

Journalists, in particular, are often banned from accepting gifts – and it’s not clear how “tips” will be treated by news organisations.

“Seems like Twitter’s tip jar feature is going to raise some issues for newsrooms,” tweeted Ryan Lizza, Politico’s Washington correspondent.

The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.
View original tweet on Twitter
“Should reporters at your favourite [publications] and networks be allowed to accept money from anyone on the internet?” he asked.

Another reporter writing for a US-based newspaper wrote: “On the one hand… seems ripe for creating unethical situations.

“On the other hand… I don’t make a lot of money and it’s a tough world out there.”

The tip jar is the latest in a string of experiments from the social network, which has seen user growth slow in recent years.

Earlier this month, it acquired Scroll, a subscription service that removes adverts from participating news websites – and announced it would be part of Twitter’s upcoming subscription service.

As part of that deal, Twitter also pitched paying Twitter as a way of supporting journalism.

“As a Twitter subscriber, picture getting access to premium features where you can easily read articles from your favourite news outlet or a writer’s newsletter from Revue, with a portion of your subscription going to the publishers and writers creating the content,” it said.

Twitter has suspended an account sharing posts from former US president Donald Trump’s new communications platform.

The account claimed to be tweeting “on behalf” of Mr Trump.

A spokesperson for the company said the account, @DJTDesk, violated the ban evasion policy by sharing content “affiliated with a suspended account.”

But the BBC found similar accounts still active on the social media platform.

Mr Trump was permanently banned from Twitter in January after he voiced support for rioters who stormed the US Capitol.

He launched his own communications platform – titled “From the Desk of Donald J Trump” – on Tuesday.

According to NBC News, the bio for the @DJTDesk account read: “Posts copied from Save America on behalf of the 45th POTUS; Originally composed via DonaldJTrump/Desk”.

Twitter says that although it does allow accounts to share content from Mr Trump’s new website, it won’t allow an individual to “circumvent” a ban.

Those “evasion” rules can include “having someone else operate on your behalf, an account which represents your identity, persona, brand or business persona for a different purpose.”

The BBC flagged four accounts with similar bios that were also sharing content from Mr Trump’s new platform.

Twitter did not respond when asked what would happen to these accounts.

The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.
View original tweet on Twitter
At the time of publishing, the four accounts were still active.

One had also recently tweeted about ban evasion.

It is unclear who is behind the accounts, but most of them claim to be independent of the former president.

Trump spokesman Jason Miller told NBC News the @DJTDesk account was not set up by, or with the permission of, anyone affiliated with the former president.
Mr Trump’s new communication platform, The Desk of Donald J Trump, will host statements and press releases from the former president.

Visitors are able to like posts and share them on their Twitter and Facebook accounts – provided the posts themselves don’t break the sites’ rules.

Mr Trump’s new platform was announced the day before Facebook’s independent Oversight Board ruled in favour of the social media company’s decision to suspend him – but also ruled Facebook should reconsider the length of the suspension within six months.

Google’s chief executive has sent an email to employees encouraging them to return to work in the office for at least three days a week as lockdowns ease.

The firm began reopening offices in April, and has now laid out the details of how it envisages the new hybrid working week.

In the email, Sundar Pichai extols the benefits of office working.

Twitter, by contrast, has said that employees can work from home “forever”.

Facebook has also said that its employees can continue to be home-based.

Google was one of the first companies to offer working from home when the pandemic struck last year. People can continue to work remotely until September.

Previously, Googlers, as staff are known, had to formally apply if they wanted to work from a remote location (other than their home) for more than two weeks. That has now been expanded to four weeks.

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In the email, seen by the BBC, Mr Pichai writes about the benefits of being in an office: “For more than 20 years, our employees have been coming to the office to solve interesting problems – in a cafe, around a whiteboard, or during a pick-up game of beach volleyball or cricket.”

He said that in locations where offices had already opened, “we’ve seen nearly 60% of Googlers choosing to come back”.

‘Take care’
He added that he envisaged a workforce where 60% were office based, 20% were in “new office locations” and 20% were working from home.

In terms of the numbers of days in each location, he said that teams would come together in the office “approximately three days” a week, and work “wherever suits them best” for two days.

Some teams though would “need to be on site more than three days a week due to the nature of the work”.

Many had assumed that, especially in Silicon Valley, working from home would become the norm post-pandemic.

Mr Pichai, who is Indian-born, also said it was “heartbreaking” to see Covid surging in places such as India and Brazil.

For employees living there he had a simple message: “Please focus on taking care of yourselves and your loved ones. We are here to support however we can.”

A surge in iPhone sales, especially in China, has led to a doubling of profits at Apple since the start of the pandemic.

The results reflected “optimism” about the days ahead, Apple’s boss said.

Rival tech firm Facebook also reported bumper revenues and profits.

But the social media giant warned Apple’s latest software release could undermine its prospects later in the year.

Apple has seen sales of its phones, apps and other devices rise throughout the pandemic, as consumers spent more time working, shopping and seeking entertainment online.

Customers continued to upgrade to Apple’s new 5G phones which were rolled out last year, and also bought Mac computers and iPads to tackle working and studying from home, the firm said.

Fitness and music apps also saw a lockdown boost.

Sales to China nearly doubled, leading to overall revenues for the first three months of this year of $89.6bn (£64.2bn), more than 50% up compared to a year earlier.

Profit was $23.6bn, up from $11.3bn for the same period last year.

“This quarter reflects both the enduring ways our products have helped our users meet this moment in their own lives, as well as the optimism consumers seem to feel about better days ahead for all of us,” said chief executive Tim Cook.

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Paolo Pescatore, analyst with PP Foresight, said it was “another blowout quarter” for Apple.

“The iPhone remains a core product and gateway to the Apple universe,” he added, providing Apple with “a key launchpad” to sell further services.

Sophie Lund-Yates, Equity Analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown said customers had proved willing to “splurge on big-ticket items thanks to a global shift to working from home, and the fact people have found comfort in treating themselves”.

“The sheer scale of Apple’s sales is testament to the grip that shiny embossed piece of fruit has on global consumers,” she added.

Facebook, which relies on sales of advertising rather than consumer electronics, also saw bumper revenues and profits in the first three months of the year.

The time spent by consumers at home, and the spending power that shifted online, translated into revenues of $26.17bn, outpacing analysts predictions. Profit was also higher than expected at $9.5bn.

Facebook said in coming months it expected revenue to be stable or grow moderately, and admitted a new feature released this week by Apple – an option for users to prevent apps from collecting user data – could “significantly” hurt its business.

It’s not just Apple and Facebook who have posted astonishing profits this week. Google and Microsoft announced eye-watering quarterly figures yesterday too.

That may not be surprising to many. Global lockdowns have made people work and play more online. What’s less clear though was whether this was a pandemic bounce? Or have people permanently changed their behaviour? These figures certainly suggest the latter.

Apple’s figures across multiple sectors, across the world, are exceptional. In places like China, which has mostly been lockdown-free in recent months, sales were up dramatically. Facebook’s figures too, show that advertisers are feeling bullish about online spending.

Almost all of Facebook’s revenue is from ads, so when Facebook is doing well, that usually suggests we’re buying more things on the internet. Amazon’s quarterly figures are out tomorrow, and they too are expected to have had a bumper quarter. Big Tech’s pandemic bounce is increasingly looking like a trend.

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The two companies are locked in a stand-off after Apple announced the latest version of its iOS operating system this week.

A new feature will prompt device users to decide whether they are happy for their data to be collected by apps. Many are likely to say no.

But user data is a large reason why Facebook’s ad-based business model is so profitable. It allows advertising to be targeted and monitored for efficacy.

Facebook saw a rise in monthly active users, however, which were up by 10% at 2.85 billion.

On Tuesday Google’s parent company Alphabet reported a record profit in the three months to March as its advertising revenue swelled by a third.

The firm credited “elevated consumer activity online” for its results as populations around the world spent more time indoors at home to avoid the spread of coronavirus.

Google owner Alphabet saw its earnings soar in the first quarter as people stuck at home in the pandemic used more of its services.

Net profit jumped by 162% to a record $17.9bn in the three months to March as advertising revenue swelled by a third.

It comes as the tech giant faces increased scrutiny over its power and the pandemic has people turning to the internet more than ever.

The firm credited “elevated consumer activity online” for its results.

“Over the last year, people have turned to Google Search and many online services to stay informed, connected and entertained,” said Alphabet and Google chief executive Sundar Pichai.

Analysts had expected a good performance as economies around the world have continued to reopen, prompting more spending on online advertising.

Reflecting this revenue at Google’s search business jumped by 30% to $31.9bn in the quarter , while sales at YouTube leapt 49% to $6bn.

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Sophie Lund-Yates, equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown, said Alphabet had “lapped up the rewards from the pandemic like a big cat pouncing on cream”.

“While famous for its start-up culture and offices, this tech giant is, rather unspectacularly, an advertising business,” she said.

“Covid means phenomenal sums of money have shifted to online shopping, so Alphabet’s impenetrable family of digital advertising businesses have seen revenue skyrocket.”

The only problem facing the tech giant is continued regulatory action over issues such as competition and privacy.

The latest dispute emerged on Monday when streaming TV technology company Roku accused Google of engaging in anticompetitive behaviour to benefit its YouTube and hardware businesses.

Meanwhile, US and European regulators continue to discuss tightening oversight of Google and other tech giants, but have yet to agree legislation.

On the back of the strong results, shares in Alphabet rose by 4.5% in after-hours trading.

“I’ve definitely encountered lots of negativity along the way, which is hard to ignore sometimes, but I feel like it just comes with it.”

With a make-up brand and two million followers on Instagram, beauty influencer CC Clarke has built a highly successful business career through social media.

For small businesses, “tapping into social media will be your secret weapon”, she says.

It is a rapidly growing field. More than £10bn is expected to be spent on influencer marketing next year – double what it was just two years ago.

But for all the financial success influencers may enjoy, having a big online profile can also leave them more exposed to negative or hurtful comments.

Authenticity is a much-vaunted ideal in the world of influencer marketing and there’s an expectation that people will share a lot about themselves and their home lives online.

‘Hits you where it hurts’
If there were a job description for the role of influencer, CC Clarke would probably include “having a thick skin” – something she says she’s had to develop over the years when faced with unpleasant comments from online trolls.

“The positivity far, far outweighs the negativity… it’s just the negativity hits you where it hurts a little bit more,” she tells BBC Radio 5 Live’s Million by 30 podcast.

She says the worst comments have been those criticising her parenting style – what she calls a “mum-shaming parade”.

“Of the things I’ve spoken about online – from make-up to beauty, to music to personal life – becoming a mum, and receiving the amount of negativity that I have, has been mind-blowing – from the name of my baby girl, to the way that I hold her.

“Luckily I’ve got a thick skin. I was a little bit sensitive, of course, when I was a new mum – your emotions are all over the place and I was quite upset by it.”

Panic-inducing ‘help’
CC Clarke says like most parents, she is doing her best – but some of her followers offer her less-than-helpful advice.

“People would start to panic you because of all sorts of things, you know, ‘If she lays like that, she won’t wake up in the morning’.

“I was told she was going to go blind the other day because she was watching TV with us.”

She has developed a way to deal with it, so that “it doesn’t bother me in the slightest”.

But there is a balance between having a thick skin and accepting the unacceptable.

Sarah Holland, chief executive of Riskeye – which works with businesses and individuals to make their social media safer – says “you definitely have to know what you’re getting into”.

“You have to know what the space is about, you have to know how to put yourself into a preventative state before you get on there,” she warns.

And while CC has learned to handle it, “lots of people can’t”.

“You don’t have to tolerate some of this stuff that gets put up,” Ms Holland says. “You can take things down, there are rules and regulations out there.”

She says organisations like hers will “step in and advocate” for clients and remove hurtful comments, but both she and CC think the problem ultimately “sits firmly at the door” of the social media platforms.

They are calling on them to take a more pro-active approach to tackling the problem.

“I definitely feel like a lot of powerful voices online have really been shouting about the fact we want a monitoring of these sorts of trolls, but I don’t know if anything’s going to be done about it,” CC says.

“Social media has a lot to answer for when it comes to bullying.”

‘Time to step up’
Sheree Atcheson, a computer scientist and global diversity and inclusion executive in the tech sector, agrees. She told the BBC that this type of trolling was just a part of a bigger problem.

“There’s a lot of work that the tech industry has to do when it comes to online safety – and that’s what we’re talking about here.

“Even though we’ve had social media really for a decade or so, we are still really getting to grips with the power that it has, and what that means is it needs to be regulated.

“We’ve seen the mental crisis that is happening at the moment… we’ve seen the impact that social media has on that, and it really is time for tech companies – certainly the big tech companies – to step up.”

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Facebook, which owns Instagram, told the BBC it had recently launched new measures to tackle harmful direct messages on the platform through “pro-active detection technology” and that it offers a number of tools to help control abusive comments.

“We know there’s still more we can do, and we’re committed to continuing our fight against bullying and online abuse,” a Facebook spokesperson said.

It’s not all about social media for CC, though.

She is hoping to become a successful singer-songwriter as well as running her beauty business and now finds she can “honestly just switch off” when she’s with friends and family.

“Being around people who aren’t in that social media world has really helped,” she says. “We don’t have to talk about followers, or likes or pictures.”

The boss of networking giant Cisco has said the shortage of computer chips is set to last for most of this year.

Many firms have seen production delayed because of a lack of semiconductors, triggered by the Covid pandemic and exacerbated by other factors.

Cisco chief Chuck Robbins told the BBC: “We think we’ve got another six months to get through the short term.

“The providers are building out more capacity. And that’ll get better and better over the next 12 to 18 months.”

That expansion of capacity will be crucial as advances in technology – including 5G, cloud computing, the internet of things and artificial intelligence – drive a big increase in demand.

Mr Robbins is the latest tech boss to weigh in on the debate – and with 85% of internet traffic using Cisco’s systems, his opinion matters.

“Right now, it is a big problem,” he says, “because semiconductors go in virtually everything.”

The seemingly insatiable demand is why major US manufacturer Intel announced a $20bn (£14.5bn) plan to significantly expand production, including two new plants in Arizona.

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According to Dan Ives, a tech analyst at investment firm Wedbush Securities, current “demand is probably 25% higher than anyone would have expected”.

Even though the shortage “is going to be an issue for the next three to six months”, technology share prices are doing well because investors are focused on the growing long-term demand for their products.

US President Joe Biden also sees this as a long-term issue and used a White House summit with business leaders this month to urge them to make the country a world leader in computer chips. Amid the trade and technology war with China, the White House says it is “a top and immediate priority”.

The US-based Semiconductor Industry Association says 75% of global manufacturing capacity is in East Asia. Taiwan’s TSMC and South Korea’s Samsung are the dominant players.

European politicians also want more chips made locally, a view partly driven by concerns over China’s desire to achieve reunification with Taiwan. Meanwhile, China has seen a huge growth in domestic demand for chips to power new technology, but has only a small share of global manufacturing capacity.

Mr Robbins says: “I think that it doesn’t necessarily matter where they’re made, as long as you have multiple sources.”

However, Intel chief executive Pat Gelsinger told the BBC it was not “palatable” to have so many chips made in Asia.

TSMC appears intent on holding on to its position as the world’s biggest contract manufacturer and is spending $100bn to expand capacity over the next three years.

This week its founder, Morris Chang, called on the Taiwanese government to “keep hold of it tightly”, arguing it is better positioned to make chips than the US or China, despite their big government subsidies.

The chip shortage was heightened by the coronavirus pandemic. At first, many companies cut their orders for chips, thinking demand would fall, which led suppliers to reduce capacity. However, demand for consumer electronics rose during the pandemic.

The problems have been worsened by a string of other factors, including a fire at a semiconductor factory and weather issues.

This, combined with a “generational technological change has created an unprecedented situation for the industry”, according to Paul Triolo, who leads the geo-technology practice at consultancy Eurasia Group.

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He thinks it doesn’t matter where chips are made as long as there is a diversity of supply. However, the shortages are likely “to persist for some time” and longer-term solutions are needed to address the concentration of manufacturing of semiconductors, which is a “problem that predates the shortage”.

That is why Mr Robbins says: “What we don’t want is to have consolidation where any of the risks that we may face could, frankly, result in the situation we’re seeing today, whether it’s weather-related disaster risks, whether it’s single point of failure risk, whether its geopolitical risks, whatever those are. We just need more options, I think, for where semiconductors are built.”

Cisco recently completed the $4.5bn acquisition of Acacia Communications, which, among other things, designs computer chips. Mr Robbins ruled out Cisco using it as an opportunity to start making its own chips.

“We’re not a semiconductor fab company, so it’s not a core competency for us to do that. So we think that companies that play in this space are much better equipped, we’re working very closely with them.”

The huge cost of chip manufacturing facilities means they operate at near full capacity and so it will take time to meet the increased demand.

The size of that demand “is not clear”, according to Mr Triolo. He says that, like other major technology vendors, “Cisco’s equipment relies heavily on reliable supply chains for a range of semiconductors.”

The shortages, he says, have been “exacerbated by companies over ordering components to build up inventory, afraid of being caught short again”.

You can watch Chuck Robbins’ full interview on “Talking Business with Aaron Heslehurst” this weekend on BBC World News at Saturday 2330 GMT, Sunday 0530 and 1630 GMT, Monday 0630 GMT and 1030 GMT and Tuesday at 1230 GMT.

It is no secret that technology has become increasingly present in our lives, especially over the past year.

We use our devices to stay in touch with friends and family, to educate and entertain our children and, for many, to work from home.

But endless virtual interactions have resulted in so-called Zoom Fatigue, according to scientists at Stanford University.

To prevent digital burnout, tech firms are now trying to design technological solutions to encourage productivity and creativity and to allow you to spend less time staring at a screen.

Take breaks
Microsoft has introduced a new tool on Outlook that encourages people to take shorter meetings with plenty of breaks.

The settings schedule meetings five minutes after the hour – to provide a natural break between calls.

The tool was created in response to Microsoft’s own research, which found that back-to-back virtual meetings can make people stressed and distracted.

Researchers conducted brain scans of 14 people during four half-hour back-to-back meetings – once without breaks, and once with 10-minute breaks in-between each meeting.

The analysis said no breaks led to a spike in stress levels, especially when switching between calls.

“Taking a physical break from screens is also essential, as this can improve our ability to focus,” Nick Hedderman, modern work lead at Microsoft UK, told the BBC.

He suggests that leaders could create a “positive remote culture” by:

shortening meetings to between 20 and 40 minutes
conducting “team check-ins” that aren’t related to work
scheduling voice-only walking meetings “to change the scenery and improve physical wellbeing”
Clear boundaries
“If we are mindful of our behaviour and establish clear boundaries and schedules, we can choose to have technology work for us instead of against us,” says Naz Beheshti, former executive assistant to Apple co-founder Steve Jobs.

In her new book, Pause. Breathe. Choose: Become the CEO of Your Well-Being, she stresses the importance of being bored, a lesson she learned from Mr Jobs to encourage creativity.

“The next time you have a gap of time in your day, refrain from filling it,” her book says. “Resist picking up your phone or other electronic devices, which could temporarily entertain you with something diverting like your never-ending social media feed.”

There are a mounting number of scientific studies which have shown that phones and notifications have a detrimental effect on productivity and attention.

Research from the University of California Irvine found it took 23 minutes to return to a single task after a notification. And people managed to focus their attention on computers for an average of only 47 seconds, before turning to another screen such as a phone.

Notifications can take time to recover from, lead to errors and can cause stress, the research suggests.

Daily limits
Apple and Google have both tried to empower smartphone users, with Apple’s Screen Time feature and Android’s Digital Wellbeing tool.

A user’s device will brief them on how much time is spent on each app, and how many notifications they have received.

You can set daily limits and timeframes and customise notifications.

And Google is adding a new feature that will send an alert telling you to look up from your phone when walking.

Without notifications, even the presence of a phone can reduce your ability to concentrate, according to one study from the University of Chicago.

Digital detox
For those without the willpower to disable notifications, there are tech hardware solutions.

The Light Phone is a simple mobile phone, which aims to eliminate distractions caused by smartphones.

It has very basic capabilities: calls, texts (and group messaging), alarm and mobile hotspot.

You can also add a calculator, simple music player and podcasting tool.

But the phone “will never have social media, internet browsing, email, news, or ads”, the company promises.

There has been a steep increase in orders of the Light Phone over the pandemic, as people struggle to switch off at home.

“The problem is still there, if anything it’s worse because we are locked down,” co-founder Kaiwei Tang explains.

Only 50% of Light Phone owners use it as their primary phone, many switch to it at the weekend, on holiday or in the evenings, when they want a break, Mr Tang adds.

And for drafting documents, or editing them, reMarkable offers a technology solution… to the notebook.

It looks like a tablet, but feels like writing on paper. The technology can also convert your handwriting into a text file to send over email.

But as it is designed to “take you into production mode”, you can’t browse the internet, receive emails or even check the time on the tablet.

“It isn’t just a device, it is a counter-movement against all of that,” says chief executive Magnus Wanberg.

He says it is “hypocritical” of big tech companies to put the responsibility of limiting screen time on the users, when devices and algorithms are designed to be addictive.

“Focus is the scarcest commodity now that we have,” he adds.

Deep work
There is a growing understanding of the importance of being left uninterrupted while doing focused “deep work”, says Prof Duncan Brumby, of University College London.

“We know that periods of focused deep work are short-lived and hard to carve out.

“These periods should therefore be used wisely, and notifications disabled during these times.”

But although this may be more productive, such working patterns may not be suitable for everyone.

“You are at the mercy of your boss” if you don’t respond to calls or emails for long periods of time, says Bruce Daisley, former Twitter vice-president, now author writing about workplace culture.

“Pretty much the whole of modern working is suboptimal for concentration,” he adds.

“We’re at breaking point with screen time.”

The West is faced with a “moment of reckoning” when it comes to technology and security, the head of intelligence agency GCHQ has told the BBC.

Jeremy Fleming said there was a risk that key technologies on which we rely will no longer be shaped by the West.

“We have to keep evolving our approach if we’re going to keep up,” he said of the growing challenge from China.

So-called smart cities, which will collect large amounts of data, are just one example, he added.

“The risk is that the technology is implemented in a way in which we can’t assure its security,” he warned.

The UK is a “big beast” when it comes to technology but “we can’t take that for granted”, the GCHQ director warned, saying this was a moment when we had to decide if we were going to continue to evolve and compete with our adversaries.

Mr Fleming was speaking ahead of giving this year’s Vincent Briscoe Annual Security Lecture at Imperial College, and in the wake of the Integrated Review, which placed science and technology at the centre of future security and defence policy.

Lessons from 5G
The challenge from China is uppermost in the minds of intelligence chiefs across Western countries, particularly when it comes to technology.

“The risk, as I see it today, is that we lose control of the standards that shape our technology environment,” he told the BBC.

“The things that make sure that our liberal Western democratic views are baked into our technology.”

Mr Fleming said there were lessons to be learnt from the debate over the role of Chinese company Huawei in building a new 5G telecoms system. It was initially given a role in the UK, before being excluded following US sanctions.

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But there were concerns that there were few other companies actually able to supply the latest technology.

“The conversation about 5G was really lost a decade ago, when Western nations decided that they weren’t going to invest in the underpinning infrastructures… and the result was we just didn’t have the choices,” he said.

The imperative was to make sure in the future the UK took the kind of long-range decisions need to ensure it has choice – so there would not be the same concerns over dependency, he said.

Smart city fears
That need to look forward prompted a focus on smart cities.

These involve a vast number of sensors and cameras built into a city’s infrastructure – controlling everything from traffic to utilities such as water and power.

But it also means vast amounts of data will be collected about people’s movement and activity.

Done in the right way, the GCHQ chief argues this presents a “fantastic opportunity” to increase efficiency and improve services.

But he warned it also carries risks around privacy and anonymity.

“If we don’t control the technology, if we don’t understand the security required to implement those effectively, then we’ll end up with an environment or technology ecosystem where the data is not only used to navigate, but it could be used to track us”.

China is a leading supplier of smart city technology, with councils in the UK already purchasing cameras from its companies.

Mr Fleming said it was vital to ensure all the technologies were not from one place and to understand how data was being processed.

There were only a relatively small number of areas where the UK would need to completely control a technology, he said, and more broadly working with allies would be essential to shape international standards and to defend itself in cyberspace.

At home, the UK has to invest in skills and innovation.

The UK should not be “fatalistic”, he said, and had a “very strong track record” of meeting technology challenges.

The Met Office is working with Microsoft to build a weather forecasting supercomputer in the UK.

They say it will provide more accurate weather forecasting and a better understanding of climate change.

The UK government said in February 2020 it would invest £1.2bn in the project.

It is expected to be one of the top 25 supercomputers in the world when it is up and running in the summer of 2022. Microsoft plans to update it over the next decade as computing improves.

“This partnership is an impressive public investment in the basic and applied sciences of weather and climate,” said Morgan O’Neill, assistant professor at Stanford University.

“Such a major investment in a state-of-the-art weather and climate prediction system by the UK is great news globally, and I look forward to the scientific advances that will follow.”

The Met Office said the technology would increase their understanding of the weather – and will allow people to better plan activities, prepare for inclement weather and get a better understanding of climate change.

The supercomputer will be able to:

provide more detailed weather models
run more potential weather scenarios
improve localised forecasts
better predict severe weather”Working together we will provide the highest quality weather and climate datasets and ever more accurate forecasts that enable decisions to allow people to stay safe and thrive,” said Penny Endersby, Chief Executive of the Met Office.

Microsoft UK Chief Executive Clare Barclay said the supercomputer would help the UK remain at the forefront of climate science.

Supercomputing
The exact location for the new computer was not revealed; however, the Met Office said it would be in the south of the UK. It will use Microsoft Azure and integrate Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) Cray supercomputers.

It will run on 100% renewable energy and will have more than 1.5 million processor cores and more than 60 petaflops – or 60 quadrillion (60,000,000,000,000,000) calculations per second.

That will, in theory, allow it to handle more data, more rapidly, and run it through simulations of the atmosphere more accurately.